What is the Advantage and Disadvantage of Thermal Insulation Carved Metal Composite Sandwich Panels

• 1. Sandwich Panels Advantages And Disadvantages INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL In this chapter, a background study on the concept of insulated concrete sandwich panels is introduced. The specialities of its various parts and practical applications are cited. 1.2 HISTORY Precast/prestressed concrete sandwich wall panels are composed of two concrete wythes or layers separated by a layer of rigid foam plastic insulation. Sandwich panels are created in North America for quite 50 years. Early sandwich panels were of the non'composite kind and consisted of a thick, structural wythe (or hollow'core slabs, double tees, or single tees), a layer of rigid insulation, and a non'structural wythe. Composite sandwich panels were factorymade later. Materials employed in the manufacture of sandwich panels are the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Sandwich panels are usually designed as one'way structural elements; shear forces are generated due to longitudinal bending in the panels. In addition, the shear connectors may be used to transfer the weight of a non'structural wythe to the structural wythe. Shear connectors that are designed to be stiff in one direction and flexible in another are called one'way shear connectors [4]. Examples of these are longitudinal steel'wire trusses, solid ribs of concrete, flat sleeve anchors, fiber composite rectangles, and small'diameter bent bars (Fig.1.1). Care should be taken in the manufacturing process to maintain the preferred orientation of one'way connectors. Some shear connectors are stiff in at least two perpendicular directions and will consequently transfer in both longitudinal and transverse horizontal shear. Examples of these are solid zones of concrete (often located at each end of the panel and at lifting points), connection plates, cylindrical sleeve anchors, and crown anchors. Connection plates and crown anchors are normally installed in solid zones of concrete and therefore it can be considered as rigid shear connections ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 3. Sustainability and Quality of Precast Concrete Sustainability and Quality of Precast Concrete Precast concrete is a construction method for casting concrete into a reusable mold. Recently, the number of buildings and infrastructure projects constructed using precast concrete has grown exponentially. Modern day technologies have turned precast concrete into a very durable, sustainable, and quality controlled product. Will precast and modular building systems be the future of sustainable, quality, and economical building methods? Concrete is an essential material in the construction industry today. The use of concrete can be dated back to BC during the time of the Pyramid construction. Precast concrete is a relatively new method for the construction industry when compared to how long the cast'in'place method has been around. Early forms of precast concrete have been experimented with for hundred of years by multiple cultures. However, modern day precast concrete evolved in in Liverpool, England. John Brodie who was a city engineer in Liverpool invented the process. Overtime, the use of precast concrete has spread in all parts of the world. Precast concrete is manufactured offsite, in a controlled environment. This helps minimize the negative impact to the construction site while maximizing quality. Precast concrete does not require onsite storage or staging, and is delivered to the project as needed. It is typically erected with a crane and a relatively small crew, which allows for construction within a ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 5. A Brief Note On Nanoparticles And Its Effect On The... 2.3.4.3 Nanomaterials Nanoparticles (NPs) have recently received special attention because of their better performance when compared with traditional mineral additions. The addition of NPs can improve the properties of concrete due to the effect that the increased surface area has on reactivity and through 'lling the NPs of the cement paste. Some of these nano particles include Silicon dioxide, Copper oxide, Zinc peroxide, Titanium dioxide. The addition of silicon dioxide or titanium dioxide NPs improves the consistency of SCC mixes. Less bleeding and segregation are also observed in the SCC mixes containing these NPs. Also the addition of silicon dioxide or titanium dioxide NPs lead to a higher T50 time, which can be expected to improve the segregation resistance. Jalal et al. (, ). The incorporation of silicon dioxide NPs increases the V'funnel times of SCC mixes. Madandoust et al. (). 2.3.5 Production of SCC The production of self'consolidating concrete consists of limiting the coarse aggregate content to about 50 % or less of the solid volume, limiting its maximum size to 20mm and using lower water to powder ratios together with appropriate superplasticizers. (Okamura and Ouchi, ). 2.3.5.1 Mix Design Methods for SCC Self'consolidating concrete mixes can be designed and used in concrete elements with both normal and dense reinforcement. The coarse aggregate size for reinforced concrete generally varies from 10 mm to 20 mm. For a mix to qualify as ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 7. Dover Air Force Base's Blending Case Study Delaware (January ) ' Commissioned by Versar, Inc., lead contractor for Dover Air Force Base's $98.3 million runway repair project, Oldcastle Precast supplied six hundred custom'made, precast concrete box culverts to rebuild the stormwater drainage system, at runway 01/19, to handled storm events effectively, through a larger, stronger stormwater conveyance system. The aged, worn, and undersized drainage system, consisting of hundreds of feet of reinforced concrete pipe, allowing flow under the runways and taxiways, resulted in stormwater accumulation in and around the runway and entire airfield, during larger events. When a large amount of standing water is on the runway and an aircraft goes through it, it can move a large amount of water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Each section of the culvert was then placed, cinched, tarred, covered with dirt, and compacted to ensure storm water does not leak and is effectively drained off the airfield. "This represents the largest stormwater drainage contract completed by the Telford, PA plant. "said Mike Grapsy, Regional General Manager for Oldcastle Precast. "Telford was uniquely qualified to deliver on a project of this scope." Dover Air Force Base's runway repair project scope of work includes replacing the 1.8'mile long, north'south runway, 01'19, reconstructing the runway drainage systems, re'routing the fuel supply line, and replacing the medium voltage line. Completion of the runway repair project is scheduled for June . Dover AFB, serving the Air Force for over 60 years, is the largest military aerial port in the world, servicing our warfighters world'wide but particularly our operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Dover is home to the 436th Airlift Wing with its 3rd Airlift Squadron's C17 Globemaster IIIs and the 9th Airlift Squadron's C5 Galaxy aircraft providing a significant amount of the United States' out'sized airlift capability. Additionally, Dover is home to the Charles C. Carson Center for Mortuary Affairs, the point of return for our fallen ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 9. Combination Padlock Research Paper Description of a Combination Padlock General Description Combination padlocks are most commonly used anywhere that provide lockers. There are many different brands of combination padlocks but each of them are roughly the same design they can be as simple or as complexed as wanted. This lock is simple to use and has very few parts. Usually when using a combination padlock you will have a set of three random numbers to dial in. The highest number that the combination will go to is 35 and the lowest number is zero. Figure 1: Parts of a combination padlock Sources: "How to Use Your Master Combination Padlock." Locker & Lock Blog. N.p., 12 Sept. . Web. 25 Feb. . Shackle: The shackle is a thick metal upside "U" shape. One end of the shackle is placed securely inside the lock, and can not be removed. The other end of the shackle lifts about a half of an inch above the padlock when unlocked. If unlocked the shackle can spin around in a 180 degree motion. If the padlock in locked the other end of the shackle is then placed securely inside the lock. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The indicator points to the number that has been selected, in order to make the selection visibly clear. To unlock the padlock each of the three random numbers with be stopped directly under the indicator, or the padlock will not open. Dial: The dial is a black circle that you turn in order to unlock the padlock. The dial is numbered from zero to thirty'five with small ticks' indicating the other numbers in'between. The dial also has a small nob that only the thumb and the index finger can fit on. This nob is a part of the dial that helps the user fully turn it to the indicator. The dial can either be turned clockwise (to the right) or counter clockwise (to the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 11. The North Gower Coast The site is located on the North Gower Coast, on the edge of National Trust Land, occupying an elevated position. There were three buildings on the site, the old school house, the main house which is demolished and replaced in the design, and a barn. The highly sensitive rural location prompted the architects to arrange the volumes over three stepped wings, set into the slope of the hill instead of on the hill, in order to minimize the visual impact. Applying this fragmented layout, the dwelling successfully managed to reduce its volume to the minimum that it can only be seen in its entirely only from the air. From ground level only fragments are visible at any one time. Exposed on the northern, eastern and southern sides, backed against and cut into rising land to the west, the main façades of the three wings is facing due east, catching dramatic 270°panoramic views. The wings are also made to follow the contours of the hill to make a more seamless conjunction with the landscape. 2.2 Materials The clients required to have a sustainable, low maintenance and lifelong home, so the architects employed reinforced in'situ concrete as the main material for the dwelling, which is also used generally in the local farm building. Another predominant material used is Corten/weathered steel, of which the reddish'orange brown colour tones perfectly with the bracken that covers some of the nearby fields. The weathering process happens through time makes the steel a 'living' material ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 13. Ancient Roman Dwellings Evolved Architecturally In Time Ancient Roman dwellings evolved architecturally in time from simple huts in the earliest times, to sophisticated and extremely long'lived structures in the later Republic and Imperial Rome following the annexation of the Greek city'states. This is very evident in many Italian and Greek cities where archaeologists have found different occupational levels, with each lower architectural strata being much more ancient (Lavan, Özgenel, & Sarantis, ). Typically, however, Roman architecture refers to the period from the establishment of the Roman Republic (6 century BC) to the relocation of the capital to Constantinople in 330AD. An architectural period supported by two great innovations: the cement and the arch. The Romans adopted the lime ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Wealthier people had much more elaborated houses, with multiple rooms, courtyards, gardens, and pools. This architecture provided security but also private open space for family recreation. We can get a glimpse of how livable these houses where from surviving specimens in old villages in Mediterranean islands, like Crete, that also preserve the Roman family structure of pater familias, in which three or four generations live together under the leadership of the oldest male. While each sub'family has its own quarters, they all share the courtyard and dinner. The pre'school cousins, and any domestic animals, play together safely all day long in the enclosed courtyard, under the supervision of the grandparents. Such an arrangement not only pools the resources but, also, free the parents for working outside. In such a semi'coenobitic life'style, the distinction between siblings and cousins is not as clear'cut as in Western societies. However, the Roman domus also housed the servants and slaves. However, just like today, the vast majority of the Roman urbanites lived in cramped, multi'story apartment buildings called insulae. Even so, rich and poor people did not live segregated ghettos; luxurious domi and shabby insulae were intermingled in the cities. At first, these buildings were made with timber, and mud brick; however, the concrete allowed the Roman tenement buildings to reach new heights, with some being seven stories ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 15. The Superstructure Elements And Its Effect On The Portion... .0 Superstructure The superstructure elements will be defined as those inclusive to the portion of the bridge structure, which forms the horizontal span, all components above the bearings. The following will delineate the major superstructure elements, and investigate accelerated bridge construction techniques and technologies, which can be applied. The major structural components, which will be examined in the following section, will include girders, stay'in'place deck forms, deck panels and modular superstructure construction systems. 1.1 Girders Bridge girders for the purpose of the following examination will be divided into two (2) sections: steel girders and precast ' prestressed concrete girders. The use of shop fabricated girders ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration Accelerated bridge construction manual "Adjacent butted precast girder systems such as double tees and deck bulb tees create opportunities for ABC. These girders function as both the beam and the deck, thereby eliminating the need for deck placement in the field." (U.S Department of Transportation, ) 1.2 Stay'in'Place Deck Forms A significant portion of the bridge construction schedule can be attributed to the forming and stripping of concrete deck forms. Stay'in'place concrete deck forms are used to eliminate the need to strip forms after the concrete deck has been cast and cured. The two (2), most common forms of stay'in'place deck forms are corrugated steel sheets and partial depth precast concrete panels. (U.S Department of Transportation, ) 1.2.1 Corrugated Steel Stay'in'Place Deck Forms Galvanized corrugated steel sheets are placed above the bridge girders from flange to flange to act as a stay'in'place deck form. Furthermore, these steel deck forms act to provide support for the reinforcing steel in the deck slab as well as supporting the weight of weight concrete during the construction process. Corrugated steel stay'in'place deck forms remain in place for the live of the structure thus serving to eliminate the need of form stripping and the associated schedule time. Corrugated Steel Stay'in'Place Deck Forms can be used on steel and precast ' prestressed ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 17. Fundamentals of Building Construction: The Concrete What is concrete? Concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry. Concrete is basically a mixture of cement, water, aggregates and admixture (sometimes). Cement is a fine gray powder that consists of oxidizes calcium, silicon and aluminum. The aggregate used is normally gravel, crushed stone or sand. Admixture is a solid or liquid substance that gives a certain characteristics of the concrete. The cement reacts with water chemically and binds the aggregates together through a process called hydration during hardening or curing of concrete. It means that water helps in the hardening of the concrete while the cement bind the aggregate and also react with water to form a solid mass. Concrete is one of the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Pre'stressed concrete is a solid structure whereby stretched reinforcement bars surrounded by concrete. The purpose is to increase the capability of the beam to carry a much greater load with the same amount of concrete and reinforced bars. Ready'mix concrete is a concrete that is manufactured in a factory. The quality of ready'mix concrete is ensured because the concrete has been graded. Precast concrete is a concrete structure that is manufactured in a factory. The precast concrete will be transported to a construction site. Precast concrete saves man power, therefore less workers are needed in the construction site. It also saves time and cost, thus the construction can be constructed in time. Precast concrete has also a better quality comparing to site cast concrete structure. Terrazzo is a flooring material made by grinding and polishing a concrete. The concrete consists of chips of marble or granite in different size and color. Terrazzo often used as decorative flooring patterns because it has various color and texture. Urbanite is used to refer to pieces of concrete from demolition sites. It can be used to create a walkway by recycling the concrete pieces. Reinforced Concrete Basically, reinforced concrete is a type of concrete in which metal bars or wire is embedded to increase its ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 19. Construction And Design : Commercial Buildings 218.271 CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN: COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS ASSIGNMENT 1 COMMERCIAL CLADDINGS, INTERIORS AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY Paper coordinator: Claire Flemmer Contributing lecturer: Eziaku Onyrizu Student ID: Zhong Wang Number of words: + CONTENTS Part 1 Claddings 4 1.0 Introduction 4 2.0 Single stage claddings: Face'sealed monolithic 4 2.1 Sketch and explanation 4 2.2 Performance and Durability 5 2.3 Maintenance and Capital cost 5 3.0 Two stage claddings: drained joint precast unit 6 3.1 Sketch and explanation 6 3.2 Performance and Durability 6 3.3 Maintenance and Capital cost 7 4.0 Rain screen 8 4.1 Sketch and explanation 8 4.2 Performance and Durability 9 4.3 Maintenance and Capital cost 10 5.0 Conclusion 10 6.0 Reference list 11 7.0 Figure and Image list 11 Part 2 Interiors and Indoor air quality 12 1.0 Introduction 12 2.0 Interiors 12 2.1 Explanation of features 12 2.2 Sketches 15 3.0 Indoor air quality 16 3.1 Where and why Legionella occurs 16 3.2 Preventative steps for building manager 16 4.0 Conclusion 17 5.0 Reference list 18 6.0 Figure and Image list 18 PART 1 CLADDINGS 1.0 INTRODUCTION Part 1 of this report aims to define and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of three commercial building cladding systems which are face sealed monolithic claddings, two stage drained joint precast unit claddings and rain screen claddings. Common New Zealand commercial cladding examples will be applied for illustrating the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 21. The Effects Of Self Compacting Self Cured Concrete By... ABSTRACT Self compacting concrete with suitable chemical admixtures like Super Plasticizer and viscosity modifying agent can be cured, alternatively by addition of an internal curing agent instead of using large quantities of water. Steel fibers on the other hand have been used in cement and concrete composites for more than four decades, most of the steel fibers were introduced in the market prior to . This is in sharp contrast to the continuous progress and development in the cement matrix itself. The proposed aim of the experiment is to examine the behavior of self compacting self'cured concrete by changing the steel fiber content. The mix incorporated 40 % replacement of cement with fly ash. The compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete were compared with conventional concrete by adding 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% of steel fibers and a notable accession of 79% in flexural strength was observed without compromising with the compressive strength. Index terms: Self Compacting, Self'Curing, Steel Fiber, Reinforced, Concrete, Superplasticiser, Viscosity Modifying agent ''''''''''''''''''''' 1 INTRODUCTION S elf'compacting concrete (SCC) is a flowing type of concrete that is able to consolidate under its own weight. It is a high'performance concrete that has the ability to spread readily and fill the restricted sections including congested reinforcement structures without using mechanical consolidation. SCC was first conceptualized by Prof. Okamura of Japan in ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 23. Precast Concrete Case Study R. Jon Grafton, P.E., Business Development Manager for Oldcastle Precast's Western Region, was honored as a PCI Fellow at the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI) Convention and National Bridge Conference in Cleveland, OH. PCI Fellows are awarded this recognition for their outstanding contributions to the precast concrete structures Industry and to PCI in the areas of education, research, design, production, quality, erection, marketing, or management. Currently active in PCI and serving on the Pavement, Bridge, and Bridge Producers committees, Jon was recently appointed to the PCI Board of Directors and chair of the Transportation Activities Council. He received PCI's Robert J. Lyman Award in for his paper "Precast Concrete ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 25. Common Forms Of Low Rise Construction Used For Domestic... P1 Understand common forms of low rise construction used for domestic and commercial properties Steel frame: Steel frame structures are made as the name suggest from steel, the material is strong and flexible. When weight is added it bends without cracking. Another characteristic of steel is that its plasticity or ductility, meaning that when force is added it won't crack however it will lose shape therefore giving warning for people to evacuate the building. A disadvantage of steel is that is loses strength when subject to fire. Studies have shown that it can loose up' to half its strength when subject to fire, therefore making it imperative to cover the steel with boards or spray on. Steel construction is used in High rise building because of its strength, light weight and the speed in which it can be constructed. Industrial buildings and warehouse buildings because of the ability to create large span spaces at a low cost Temporary structure as its quick to set up and remove. Steel fabrication: this is when steel is cut to the desire length generally on site and then weld them together to create the final building. This is generally labor intensive however it can reduce time. Bolted steel construction: this is when the main bulk of the construction is pre made at the workshop then bolted into place on site. This tends to be the preferred methods as it saves time and money as well having the right working conditions. Advantages of steel structures Very ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 27. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Fiberglass Reinforced... Fiberglass reinforced concrete (GFRC) is most suitable for construction because it is a great material for restoration of old buildings and also used for the exterior of the buildings. It is also being used widely for walls and ceilings. GFRC allow almost perfect replication of building terra'cotta and ornaments. It's very low shrinkage allows molds to be made from existing structural ornamentation, then cast in GFRC to replicate the original designs. GFRC is lightweight compared to other traditional concrete which is very important for construction. It is highly durable and safe. Next, expensive equipment is not necessary for pouring or spraying GFRC .Fiberglass is inexpensive and corrosion'proof, but not as ductile as steel. It can only be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Fiberglass reinforced concrete doesn't crack easily where it can be cut without chipping because it is sprayed on, the surface has no bugholes or voids. GFRC used for creative prefabricated architectural cladding. GFRC is an perfect material to use on a variety of roofing structures. It is easy to fix lightweight but tough and unaffected by environmental conditions. It can imitate traditional roofing materials such as slate, natural stone or clay products but unlike these materials it is neither heavy nor brittle. GFRC can be moulded into complex shapes for roofing accessories such as finials, ridges and chimneys. It is non'combustible with a high impact strength and can be used on all types of roof. Next, GFRC use in renovation. Thin lightweight panels are easy to fix and minimise the weight imposed on the existing structure. In addition,GFRC can provide best solutions in the construction of foundations and floors where in'situ concrete floors it can give economic benefits together with excellent appearance. On ground floor concrete slabs, during cold climate insulated GFRC can help in minimising heat loss from the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 29. Design Of Precast Structural Elements CHAPTER 6 DESIGN OF PRECAST STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 6.1 Preamble The precast structural components are manufactured off or on the sites, transported to the site and with suitable handling and erection procedures, they are assembled so as to form a structural system. The design should cater to the conditions encountered during the various stages of construction. The Different types of precast elements manufactured are listed below. Floor and Roof units: Hollow core slabs, Double T, Single T, and Precast Planks. Precast Beam & Girders: can be rectangular, L, inverted T, I and U shapes. They are usually prestressed with projecting stirrups. Precast Decked Slab Beams: Reduce number of beams, eliminate cast'in'place concrete, rapid installation, Shallow superstructure. Precast concrete columns: may be single or multiple storey height Precast wall panels: Non'load'bearing panel (cladding), Load'bearing panel: Solid, Hollow core, Ribbed, Sandwich In this study design of a few precast elements such as Hollow core floor units, RC load bearing solid wall, columns with corbels are considered. The designs are automated using semi'automation tools available in EXCEL. These are presented in the following sections. 6.2 Design of Hollow Core Units This is a precast and prestressed concrete elements with continuous voids to reduce the self'weight. They are immensely used as roof o floor deck systems. They are used as spandrel members, bridge deck and wall panels units. Slabs are ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 31. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Friction Pile FOUNDATIONS ' Friction piles What is a Friction pile? In friction piles the load is resisted by friction between the surface of the pile and the surrounding soil. A pure friction pile is usually quite long due to the fact that the load carrying capacity is a function of the shaft being in contact with the soil. When would a friction pile be used? This kind of pile is used when there are no signs of hard rock materials present at a reasonable depth. (A softer material for the pile to drive through) Advantage Where sands of medium to low density are found, friction piles can be used to increase the density and therefore the strength. Disadvantage If there are layers of rock or any rocklike material present then ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Two way slabs with beams are used for medium spans with heavy loads or even if high resistance is required to deal with lateral forces Advantages Can be used for heavy loads Can be used for long spans Disadvantages More complicated to build than flat slabs therefore more time needed COLUMNS AND SLABS ' Post tensioned slab What is a post tensioned slab? A post tensioned slab is a slab of concrete which has been pre stressed a certain way to increase the strength of the concrete. Before pouring a post tensioned slab, steel strands or cables are placed to strengthen the slab and give it support.
• 32. Picture of a post tensioned slab http://en.vsl.cz/post'tensioning/ When is a post tensioned slab used? It is used in areas where the soil expands and contracts due to the weather conditions. Post tensioned slabs can also be used in parking garages and stadiums because it is more economic in a sense that is uses a smaller depth but still creates the same strength. Advantage Smaller depths for the concrete with the same strength Cheaper to ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 34. General Technical Information : The Bridge General Technical Information: The bridge will be an 8'lane bridge with 2 lanes committed for buses, with a total length of 5.6Km.The Sea Link will enable quick go between Bandra and Worli, cutting travel times from 60' 75 minutes to around 7 minutes. The extension was committed to the public on 30 June , although just 4 of 8 lanes were opened. All the 8 lanes were opened on 24 March . Manpower Behind the bridge: A total of workers and 150 engineers were employed over a span of eight years including several teams of foreign engineers and technicians involved in specialized tasks. The main engineering positions includes: Project Manager, Project Chief Engineer, Planning executive, Works Manager (Super'Structure), Chief Design ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The cable stay system comprises 2,250 km of high strength galvanized steel wires which support the Cable Stay Bridge weighing 20,000 tons. The bridge deck is constructed of pre'cast hollow concrete box sections with 3 cores, the dimensions of the deck varies throughout the length of the bridge. The pre'cast segments vary in length from 1.5m to 3.1m with a width between 18m and 23m. Each section of bridge deck will be post'tensioned following installation. The precast concrete sections of the deck were launched incrementally between the pillars using a truss system, known as the balanced cantilever method. Piles were used for the foundations. Foundations for the towers comprised of fifty two piles with a diameter of 2m and about 34m in length piles arranged in an H shape. The strength of concrete used in the design is 40 MPa for Piles, and 60 MPa for Pile Caps, Columns, Towers, and Girders. In addition, Micro silica is added to increase concrete strength as well as providing sulfate resistance by decreasing average size of pores in the cement paste. Bridge Construction: ' Construction of the foundation was challenging due to geological conditions where sea soils layers varies in strength and depth. All the piles in the project are vertical and cast'in'situ. First, cofferdams were installed followed by the placement of Tremie concrete seal. ' Sub'Structure Construction (Pile Cap and Piers) used pre'fabricated reinforcement cages. ' ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 36. Foam Concrete Foam concrete advantages Foam Concrete is normal concrete with bubbles of air inside. Therefore it has the same characteristics with many additional advantages. CLC (foam concrete) blocks are used for building cottages, wall insulation in multistory buildings and internal partitions. Also CLC can be produced and poured for floors and roofs on'site. In roofs it can be used because of very good insulating and lightweight. For floors CLC offers faster installation and a less expensive option because of the flowing and self'leveling properties. CLC is easy to produce using our portable process machine. The ingredients are cement, sand, water and foaming agent. The components are mixed in machine and in this mix added the foam that produced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... It increases the construction speed for several times. Also it is easy to cut channels and holes for electrical wiring, sockets, and pipes. ACOUSTIC INSULATION Foam concrete has a high property of acoustical absorption. If foam concrete pouring to floor or roof if fill all holes and caves in construction and this is also increase acoustic insulation. ECO'COMPATIBILITY Foam concrete does not produce any toxic substances and in its ecological compatibility is second only to wood. HIGH WORKABLE Foam concrete is a high workability material, so it is possible to build various shapes of corners, arches, pyramids, which will attach beauty and architectural expressiveness to your house. BIG PROFIT Foam concrete allow to save big money not only during living in the house, but during the construction the house too. It is cheaper to deliver, to build, to make foundation for this house, to plaster, to drive a wires and sewerage tubes, to build various shapes of corners and arches. SUPERIOR FIRE RESISTANT Foam concrete extremely fire safe. For example foam concrete used in special fire safe vault. Tests show that foam concrete 150 mm width can protect from fire for 4 hours. TRANSPORTATION SAVINGS Favorable combination of weight, volume and packaging makes foam concrete blocks convenient for transportation and allow use motor or railway transport. VARIETY OF USAGE Foam concrete use for producing construction blocks, thermal and acoustic insulation of roofs, floors,
• 37. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 39. Assignment 1 HLM HLM CONSULTANTS LTD HLM File No.: ARBE_A1_ April Basement Construction Prepared for: DreamHome Furniture Group ARBE ' Construction Technology 3 The University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW Prepared by: HLM Consultants Ltd HLM Basement Construction ARBE ' Construction Technology 3 Assignment 1 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 3 1.0 | INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 4 2.0 | SITE INVESTIGATION / CONSTRAINTS........................................................................ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... The report compares and contrasts the advantages and disadvantages of a variety of methods and technologies for constructing basements. A basement, for the basis of this report, is part of a building partly or wholly extends below ground level. It is essential basements are well planned, designed and constructed to ensure that for the life of the building it functions effectively and efficiently. A common concern of basement construction
• 40. is the effects of groundwater. These issues are considered and the areas where these issues could potentially occur are identified. Additional cumulative effects of basements have also been considered. Finally the report sets out recommendations on the appropriate approach to the design and construction of the basement and details the steps which should be taken in the construction of the chosen design and construction. April Page | 3 HLM Basement Construction ARBE ' Construction Technology 3 Assignment 1 1.0 | INTRODUCTION In general, basements provide an effective internal space within a building without compromising the site area. Basements commonly are used as utility space for building including but not limited to car parking, plant equipment, amenities and storage. The project brief provides that the commercial building is intended to be a precedent development which reflects "a successful professional company". The project involves the construction of a new ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 42. Methods Of Construction At 4.1 Pile Foundation 4. METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION 4.1 PILE FOUNDATION: Piles are structural members that are made up of steel, concrete, or timber. They are used to build pile foundations, which are deep and which cost more than shallow foundations. Despite the cost, the use of piles often is necessary to ensure structural safety. The following list identifies some of the condition that require pile foundations. 1.When the upper soil layers are highly compressible and too weak to carry the load transmitted by the superstructure, piles are used for transmitting the load to underlying bedrocks or a stronger soil layer, as shown in figure(a). When bedrock is not encountered at a reasonable depth below the ground surface, piles are used to transmit the structural load to the soil. The resistance to the applied structural load is derived mainly from the frictional resistance developed at the soil'pile interface (figure (b)). Figure 4.1 Pile Requirements 2. When subjected to horizontal forces, pile foundations resist by bending while still supporting the vertical load transmitted by the superstructure. This type of situation is generally encountered in the design and construction of earth'retaining structures and foundations of tall structures that are subject to high wind and/or earthquake forces. 3. In many cases, expansive and collapsible soils may be present at the site of a proposed structure. These soils may extend to a ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 44. What Are The Disadvantages Of Concrete In , H Azamirad et al published a paper "A criticism of Self'Compacting Concrete" which talks about the problems in using SCC such as segregation and roles of different materials which affect it. It talks about the economic problems too. Finally it says about some projects which are executed with SCC. This paper helped in identifying the disadvantages of using SCC. In , T.H. Cooke wrote a book "Concrete Pumping and Spraying: A practical guide". This book is related to pumping operations of concrete. A nomograph is suggested by this book which is used for determining the working power required for conventional concrete and SCC so that costing can be done. It explains the graph and tells the method of usage. In , CPWD published ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Pumping operations will require less energy as it possesses flow able properties. Further due to its flowing nature speed of construction will be increased. Rapid rate of concrete placement is possible decreasing the placing time. Reduction in site manpower is achieved in various stages like faster pumping requires less manpower hours, reduction of vibration needs negligible manpower, smooth surface obtained from SCC needs less labor for finishing purposes, if SCC is placed properly then there are negligible bug'holes and patches on surface thus reducing the manpower demand. The construction process becomes more productive which is evident by the fact that the truck has to wait for less time for unloading of SCC and can go early thus improving the productivity. Also the service life of vibration equipment and formwork will increase. Due to elimination of vibration to consolidate the mixture, the forms used in the precast operations will receive less wear and tear, decreasing the regular maintenance costs and costs of investing in new forms. SCC also shows high early strength allowing early removal of formwork thus increasing ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 46. A Brief Note On Accidental Falls Are One Of The Leading... Accidental falls are one of the leading causes of death in the construction industry today. Falls are a persistent hazard that employees face on the construction site that can occur during simple acts such as climbing a ladder or a result of a complex series of events. According to OSHA, 36.9 percent of all construction related accidental deaths in CY were from falls (OSHA commonly used statistics, n.d.). Fall injuries make up a considerable financial burden for construction companies and insurance companies. Between workers' compensation, medical bills, and other cost associated with falls it is estimated that fall incidents account for $70 billion annually. Workers have a right to be safe while at their job site. Following rules and regulations, as well as being properly trained and equipped will greatly reduce the risk of fall incidents. Review and analysis In February , an adult male construction worker sustained fatal injuries after he fell three floors following the collapse of the precast concrete floor slabs. The precast concrete slabs were fabricated off site and then transported to the construction site. These concrete floor slabs weighed approximately 7 tons and were positioned on the buildings steel structure frame that was composed of vertical and horizontal steel columns and beams. Once the slabs were positioned, the workers were supposed to have permanently secured them to the steel frame of the building using grout or welding. Before this ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 48. Concrete Paper CONCRETE ASSIGNMNET 1 Concrete Project Report Introduction We were requested to write a report for a client that are looking to build a new parking garage in the Bloemfontein area. The client also requsted from us to not just advise him/her on what type of concrete to be used, but also to give him/her a broad understanding of the different types of concrete. Some of the aspects that will be discussed in this report are as follows: 1. Special concrete and its application 2. Admixtures 3. Types of extenders This report will also contain our detailed recommendation in the form of foundation, floor slabs, columns and beams. It is important to look at the soil conditions and weather conditions for example temperature and other factors that could have an negative effect on the concrete. Before doing the design and classifying the concrete to be used a site investigation should be done and testes required should be carried out. The design has a massive impact on the concrete that would be used. For the purpose of this report I would assume a site with good soil and no clayed partials were found. Before we start we should get a better understanding of what concrete is its positives and negatives its strengths and its weaknesses. Strength of concrete is dependent on a number of factors; one of the most important factors is the cement water ratio. The lower the ratio is, the higher the final strength of the concrete would be. Typical values for this ratio ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 50. Essay on Unicon Module 4: Operations and Process Management | | Lesson 11 Unicon Concrete Products (H.K.) Ltd Case Report April 1, Executive Summary Unicon is a major player in the flourishing Hong Kong market for pre'cast concrete products and Mr. Li, the deputy managing director is pursuing the idea of "blanket" approval for Unicon's custom design concrete products with one of it's largest customers, the Hong Kong Housing Authority. This proposition could offer savings to both Unicon and the customer but this could adversely affect the relations with other customers and the manufacturing operations. If Unicon is to stay competitive in the ever expanding market, management must have a plan to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... There are 14 stat. holidays per year. Days available per year; 52 weeks x 6 days + 26 overtime days '14 stats = 324 days Slab Production; per block/82.5 slabs/day = 41.2 per block of slab capacity '32/41.2 = 7.9 blocks foe slabs. Facade Production; / block / 25 per day = 44.8 days/block for façade capacity =324/44.8 = 7.2 blocks for façade. In the Hong Kong market facades and slabs are in the early stages of their product life'cycle, partitioning walls and stairs are more advanced stages. Partitioning walls were first produced in and unlike facades and slabs are produced in standard sizes using a module design. The old method of pour in place walls and floors are mature according to this case. Demand for precast is rapidly growing because of the Hong Kong construction market. As the markets grow we are expecting to see more modular designs and standard dimensions emerge. Unicon has to be careful since competitors from mainland China are expected to enter the market next year when barriers fall. There are advantages and disadvantages of the blanket approval approach. Who will actually benefit from the cost reductions? It may not be Unicon since competitive pressures may force the pre'cast construction companies to pass on some of their savings. The Hong Kong Housing Authority (HKHA) might look for some sort of rebate from the general contractors, this will insure that the cost saving measure is includes in all projects. Unicon has to
• 51. ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 53. Highly Documented Comparisons and Measurements of... The comparison of measurement and prediction of prestress losses in prestressed members is highly documented in literature. Hale et al. () studied the prestress losses behavior of girders subjected to increased fiber stresses. They concluded that the previous AASHTO LRFD Specifications equations () overestimated the prestress losses by roughly 50%. It was found that the NCHRP Report 496 (Tadros et al., ) equations predicted the losses to within an average of 6%. Currently, there have been quite a few investigations on empirical models for prestress losses for HSC. In a study conducted by Kowalsky et al. () on several HPC bridge girders in North Carolina to determine the prestress losses of HPC girders. The researchers found shrinkage losses were a small component of the overall prestress losses and that the elastic shortening and creep losses were the main contributors. These larger than expected losses from elastic shortening and creep were because of a predicted modulus of elasticity that was higher than actual. The total prestress losses ranged from 12.9% to 19.1% of the initial jacking stress. In an investigation conducted by Tadros et al. (), seven full'scale bridge girders were instrumented in Washington, Texas, Nebraska and New Hampshire to determine the prestress losses of HPC girders. The total prestress losses measured were found to be lower than the AASHTO LRFD () model. Modi'ed expressions were proposed to AASHTO and later adopted in ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 55. Analysis of the Cement Business Segmentation is categorization of clients into suitable classes so that the Marketing plans are customized and made appropriate to every single specific class of buyers. Segmentation might be established on each of the pursuing criteria: o Nature of Request of Cement: Cement is utilized for Colossal groundwork undertakings, Business housing undertaking, Residential undertakings, precast or block making works, Prepared Blend Concrete constituents or for minor overhaul works o Group of Assembly Professional: A assembly expert might be whichever a mason, Political Engineer , Builder or Contractor, Consultant o Rural, Semi'urban and City Markets: Cement might be vended in villages, suburban spans of metropolises and inside the metropolis limits. Reliant on the segmentation strategy clients who are moderately worth insensitive, expensive to assist or poorly assisted by competitors can be charged extra than those who are truly worth sensitive, less expensive to assistor well assisted by competitors. 3.2.1. Price and Pricing Decisions Cement worth is not uniform across the state and varies from span to region. Worth of cement additionally depends on the allocation channel ' whether it is dispatched undeviatingly to the undertaking client or across the dealers outlets. Segmentation enables the Marketer to disparate marketplace segments alongside distinct worth points rather than serve the whole marketplace alongside one worth point. Amongst the constituent materials of concrete ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 57. High Performance Concrete : High Quality Concrete High'Performance Concrete 1. Introduction Products that last longer are called, high' performance products. Properly proportioned and cured mixtures of super'plasticized concrete, with 0.4 or less w/cm, show a little or no permeability. In fact, super'plasticized concrete mixtures made with blended portland cements containing mineral additives exhibit unusually low permeability ratings in the ASTM C , Rapid Chloride Penetration Test. However, high'performance concrete almost always has a higher strength than normal concrete. However, strength is not always the primary required property. For example, a normal strength concrete with very high durability and very low permeability is considered to have high performance properties. Bickley and Fung () demonstrated that 40 MPa (6,000 psi) is high' performance concrete for bridges could be economically made while meeting durability factors for air'void system and resistance to chloride penetration. 2. Definition High'performance concrete (HPC) is defined as a concrete meeting special combination of performance and uniformity requirements that cannot always be achieved routinely using conventional constituents and normal mixing, placing, and curing practices. What's more HPC is a relatively new concrete terms that are used, it is consistent to those of the most common applications in more than one set of standards, but not limited to strength. 3. Characteristics of HPC that need to be considered High ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 59. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Industrialised Building... Introduction Through globalization, technology has increased rapidly in not only in Malaysia but also other country. In Malaysia, Industrialised Building System (IBS) is one of the technologies that has implemented by government. It has started since 's. But however it becomes more popular in when government recommends a Strategic Plan as the blueprint for whole construction sector. IBS system has been promoting by CIDB. To increase the use of IBS, CIDB has taken the step of formulating IBS Roadmap. The main reason for implementing IBS system in Malaysia is to increase the productivity, waste of construction material, time and reduce the use foreign labors. However, implementation of IBS has not found popular from local construction industry. There is very low profile of construction sector using IBS as their main building construction. Hence, in this assignment has discussed the definition of IBS, types, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of IBS. IBS is being proposed to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... This technique of construction is a friendly and controlled environment, transported, positioned and assembled into a formation with least additional site work needed. Besides, industrialized building system (IBS) can be defined where all slab, wall, beam, column, and staircase are mass produced either in factory or at site factory with strict quality control according to Warswaski (). It can be defined by industrialized process which every building components are planning, prefabricated, conceived, transported and erected on site. (Thanoon & W. A. M., Peng, L, ). Hence, in simple form of definition of IBS is a construction system that built using prefabricated components based on Rahman and Omar (). This IBS system can be made using machine, formworks and other machinery ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 61. The Tipages And Advantages Of Calcium Silicate Bricks Calcium silicate bricks are also called sand lime. They are often confused with concrete bricks but these are much harder and would not scrape quite so easily. Calcium silicate bricks are manufactured by mixing lime, sand or crushed silicaceous together, with enough water to allow the mixture completely hydrated to be moulded under high pressure. The bricks are then moved in and steam in autoclaved for three to fourteen hours to speed the chemical hardening. Pigments can be added during the mixing stage. In their natural state, calcium silicate bricks are white to a creamy off'white colour, but the addition of ochres (buff or cream colours), iron oxides (pink, red, brown or black) or chrome oxide (green) can enable a very wide variety of colours to be produced. It easily to cut thus increase its workable. The weight of calcium silicate bricks is light than clay brick, the density is about in 200'kg/m3, but it is rigid and sustainable for use of building material. Environmentally, the calcium silicate bricks are energy conservation, demand only half of the energy needed to manufacture the equivalent number of clay ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Due to it have low thermal conductivity that to transmit heat in tiny air spaces separated and very little ultraviolet radiation is able to pass through it so give calcium silicate bricks its effective insulating high temperature characteristics. Other than that, it is popularly considered an asbestos substitute that low specific heat, uses of calcium silicate bricks for thermal insulation on the building. It may improve occupant health because the bricks can resist the sunlight or ultraviolet radiation direct contact with occupant and keeping building cooler. The air cooling condition system can be reduce or removed hence helping to minimize energy consumption and lower energy bills to become a green building. Less energy consumption also can protect our ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 63. Concrete and Following Statements 1. Which of the following statements regarding fire'retardant treatment of wood is MOST accurate? A. the fire retardant is intended to occur at temperatures lower than those developed in fires. B. the fire retardant is intended to occur at temperatures higher than those developed in fires C. all chemicals used as fire retardants can be used for exterior applications D. fire retardant treatment of wood increases its strength 2. Most fire'retardant chemicals operate by: A. accelerating the absorption of moisture toe extinguish flame spread B. combining chemicals with air to eliminate the air supply C. accelerating the formation of charring in the wood D. increasing the formation of volatile gases 3. Wood structures are usually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... A. if concrete is unsatisfactory, it will not settle during the slump test B. the sag test checks the amount of aggregate in the cement C. the compression test is very costly if the results are unsatisfactory D. the density test is preferred over the slump test because of its convenience 16. Which of the following is an extremely light cast'in'place framing system? A. flat'slab B. waffle C. slab and beam D. flat plate 17. Which of the following statements regarding quality control of precast concrete is MOST accurate? A. precasting forms are located in areas exposed to weather B. mixing and pouring of precast concrete can be more mechanized than cast'in'place concrete C. mixing and pouring precast concrete is less efficient than mixing and pouring cast'in'place concrete D. quality control tests done onsite provide a higher degree of quality control than precast concrete 18. Which of the following statements regarding the heat'sink effect is MOST accurate? A. the heat'sink effect can make conditions uncomfortable, but cannot reignite combustibles B. the heat'sink effect can cause deadly reignition of combustibles during overhaul C. the heat'sink effect causes concrete to release retained heat quickly D. the heat'sink effect does not apply to newer concrete 19. Which of the following statements regarding SPALLING is MOST accurate?
• 64. A. concrete has significant resistance to tension B. spalling ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 66. Building Structure And Envelope Of An Advanced Engineering... In this report, it will analyses the building structure and envelope of an advanced engineering building at UQ. The report will put the emphasis on some aspects which include the construction documentation, building configuration building element design and building loading and load transfer to the foundation. From another perspective, the report will also illustrate the project's sites structure which includes site conditions, material used, interfaces with pre'existing structure/infrastructure. Basically, by using various of site or the whole building drawings, some significant building components can be recognized. These building components will be discussed and analyzed specifically, which include their particular location in the drawing and how they function in the building structure. Introduction of this building The building is located in Brisbane QLD; the area is about .0 m2. The project was finished in . The building has achieved certified 5 star green ratings representing 'Australian Excellence' in environmental initiatives. Also, to achieve the goal of energy efficiency, some building service and feature have been improved. For example, the thermal labyrinth to store cool overnight, VSD fans and pumps, high performance double glazing and openable louvres and windows with cross 'flow via the atrium. Construction documentation The construction documentation is consisting of structural and architectural cover sheets. The structural section can be ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 68. Designing A More Productive Manner During Construction... In order to perform any task in a more productive manner during construction, equipment must be used. Depending on the scope of work and the size of the job more than one piece of machinery may be used; the model, size, and people operating the equipment will differ too. The equipment, personnel, area, and project factors may be different for every job but they all share a common factor, risk. This factor aids contractors to determine the type of equipment to choose and the supplier to provide the equipment for the project as well. Choosing the right equipment for the project is a major risk the contractor must be able to handle. They must analysis and completely understand the project; such as understanding the type of soil to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Each specific area in construction uses various types of equipment, every piece of equipment has a different purpose. The contractor must determine for each project and the scope of work assign what equipment to use, and whether to buy or rent the equipment. For example, if a contractor specializes in concrete work and it is a job that they perform regularly, it would benefit them owning the necessary equipment; such as mixer and pump. This allows them to have the availability of the equipment when it is required. However they are responsible for all the maintenance on the equipment and inspecting it frequently, in order to keep it operating properly (pg90). If these services are not performed regularly the contractor risk the equipment being damaged or not performing to the norm.They also must be aware of the operating cost and depreciation value of the vehicle; in order to receive funds from some of the equipments retained market value (pg 92) . Now in a job that requires a special type of equipment, one not familiar with the contractor, renting may be the best option. In renting the risk factor is also there, the supplier may not have the equipment available for the time being requested or may be too far of a distance from the job site. Thus location of the project site also has some effects to the project, it can determine the delivery and mobilization risk factors. Not only can location affect the time of the availability of the equipment, but as well the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 70. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Building System 1.0 Introduction Human beings have long been using the activity of building construction. Take the Arabian region for example, the pyramids in Egypt are one of the most shocking and astonishing wonders in the world. Pyramids were built using a well'organized building system which nobody still seems to know, yet everyone recognizes and admits that it is so well built that it lasted for over years. Humans for ages have been building shelters and buildings using different types of building systems. For centuries, the traditional building system has been used for almost all types of buildings. The mechanized building system was later introduced and adopted in many developing countries. Nowadays, countries are tending to lean into a far more developed system due to the many advantages it offers; that building system is the industrialized building system. But what exactly differentiates the industrialized building system from the other two systems and what advantages does it offer? This paper will briefly introduce the traditional and mechanized building systems to compare them later with the industrialized building construction system and show the reasoning behind countries adapting this system. 1.1 General terms in building systems To introduce the mentioned systems, a brief definition of a building system is needed. Merritt and Ricketts () defined a building as "an assemblage that is firmly attached to the ground and that provides total or nearly total shelter for machines, processing equipment, performance of human activities, storage of human possessions, or any combination of these." Merritt and Ricketts () expressed building design as the process of providing the information required for the construction of a building that meets the owner's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... 2.1 Traditional building ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 72. Advantage And Disadvantage Of Schemopedia Schemopedia.com is an online platform, for citizens to search the schemes as per their requirement and apply them to avail the benefits. It is actually a technology based initiative started by 3 people to reduce the asymmetry between Government and the citizens. These services can be availed by Individuals, Enterprises, New startups, NGO's, Farmers, students, Academic Institutes. Founders of schemopedia.com are, 1. Abhishek Rathi 2. Anand 3. Bhaumik Leveraging its online presence, schemopedia.com has partnered with many Enterprises, Non'profit organizations to take up their development programs. So, one of the organizations is GUBBI GROUP. Schemopedia is acting as a management consultants to the Gubbi group which is in Thane, Mumbai. Hence, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Applicable on sunk portion of bathrooms, toilets, balconies etc., base coat for terrace waterproofing, underground and overhead water tanks, can be applied in moist conditions e.g. exteriors, terraces and chajjas in wet spells of monsoon, underground and / or overhead water tanks almost immediately after emptying. Polyurethane waterproof coating: A single component modified polyurethane, liquid applied coating that is composed of specially developed polymers, properly selected and graded fillers. Bonds strongly on cement concrete, asbestos, mild steel, cement plastered applied surfaces, thermal stability, high elasticity and resistance to chemical. Waterproofing admixture: Integral waterproofing admixture for concrete & mortar. Applicable on concrete structures exposed to water like terrace gardens, sunk portion of bathrooms, toilets, balconies, etc., external plastering, basement concreting, sloped roof slab, flat roof slab, beams, columns, slabs etc. Ready to use finishes: Tile adhesive: A ready to use grey cement based non'shrink, self'curing, water resistance tile adhesive for floor tiles and wall tiles ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 74. A Study on the Perceptions of Clients, Contractors and... 1. Response Rate and Category: The main survey questionnaire was personally handed over to the respondents. It was distributed to 50 carefully selected construction industry professionals representing Clients, Contractors and consultants. Completed forms were requested to be collected later. Over a period of time after distributing the questionnaire, 38 responses were received and the composition of the respondents is given in Figure 2. Fig.2 Response Rate and Category 2. Respondent's Designation: Most (48%) of the respondents came from the top management level, which is good for an Opinion'based survey analysis. Project Manager (21%) and other middle management personnel (31%) have rest of the share among other designations. This is good ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Fig.5 Respondent's Knowledge Level 5. Source of Knowledge: The respondents were asked to mention the sources which assisted them to understand precast construction or created awareness about precast construction. In field was the most sought option (38%), followed by Newspaper/Magazine (22%) and Self Study (19%). Only (13%) share is of college curriculum which shows mirror to the level of practical knowledge being taught in our institutions. Rest is Advertisement by private construction (7%) and Government Advertisement/Promotional programs (1%). It is quite evident that both Government and the precast manufacturers have failed to create awareness about precast construction. Fig.6 Source of Knowledge 6. Perception of Precast Construction Technology: 6.1 Advantages of Precast Construction Technology: As seen in the figure 4.6.1.1, most of the respondents agreed that precast construction technology produces very high quality products compared to conventional method of construction (87%). Possibly, due to the fact that precast products are produced in a controlled environment in a casting yard or in a factory with better monitoring. Also, precast construction is perceived as a construction method which reduces overall cost of the project only if the moulds are used repeatedly (84%). Also, 89% of respondents agreed that construction schedules can be better controlled if precast construction is utilized. Half ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 76. Marketing Strategy Of SIKKA CHAPTER ' 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1) ABOUT THE COMPANY For a period of almost three decades now, SIKKA has been pushing the boundaries to create spaces that are unrivalled in luxury, stature & design. With a keen eye on the future & a sound knowledge base of the global business environment & trends SIKKA has diversified its portfolio with interests in Real Estate, Automobile, Hospitality & the Outdoor Media industry. SIKKA has emerged as one of the most progressive & multifaceted real estate entity in the North India for more than 3 decades. With the verticals spanning across commercial, residential & industrial sectors, it is poised to conceptualize perfect lifestyle avenues, designed exclusively for your need. The company tender the most diversified product mix comprising of commercial & residential property, Hotels, Automobiles, education, Media Business & Filling Stations. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... It supplies teams to run their independent business. Company's mission to build a world class real estate development company with the highest business st&ards of Professionalism & customer services to contribute the growth of Indian ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 78. Skeleton Construction System Faculty of engineering Department of Architecture ENAR 335 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 3 PRECAST SKELETON CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Done By: Dina Khouri Islam Hijazi Marian Shomali Instructed by: Dr. Mohammad Abd'al'hadi Date: Precast Concrete Every construction material and system has its own characteristics which to a greater or lesser extend influence the layout, span length, construction depth, stability system, etc. This is also the case for precast concrete, not only in comparison to steel, wood and masonry structures, but also with respect to cast in'situ concrete. Theoretically, all joints between the precast units could be made in such a way ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... Structural system7: The system consists of L'shaped and T'shaped frame units placed on top of each other.Simply supported floor slabs span between the frames. The frame units are placed simply supported on the base and on top of each other hinged connections are made between the frame units as pin'joints at the mid'span of the beams. Structural system 8: The system shown is formed by H'shaped frames with cantilever beam. Slabs are simpley supported by spanning them from beam to beam. The connections between the H'shaped frames are formed as pin'joints at the mid'hieght of the columns and between the cantilevers beams. All rigid joints are made as an integrated part of the fram units. Slabs span from frame to fram. Structural system 9: The system consists of unspliced four'storey high continuous columns with cantilever attachements for supporting the beams. Floor slabs are simpley supported on the beams.
• 79. The columns are restrained at their bases. Beams are simply supported on column'attachements.all rigid joints are made as integrated parts of the columns. For Horizontal Loads: Braced skeletal system 'stability is provided by shear walls,shear cores or other bracing systems. 'the base may be pinned or moment resisting connections. 'beam'column connections may be rigid or pinned. Behavior of structure This Figure describes the ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
• 81. Tilt-Up Panel Construction Tilt'Up Panel Construction Building Technology 245 ' Assignment 1 Nicholas Perry Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Background 3.1 Current Use 3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 3.0 Construction 4.3 Casting Process 4.4 Installation/Tilt'Up Process 4.5 Connections 4.6.1 Panel'To' Panel 4.6.2 Panel'To'Slab 4.6.3 Panel'To'Suspended Slab 4.0 Design Considerations 5.6 Materials (Concrete) 5.7 Reinforcement 5.8 Specialised Hardware 5.9 Rigging 5.10 Finishes 5.11 Design Documentation 5.0 Rules and Regulations 6.12 Australian Standards 6.13 Occupational Health and Safety 6.0 Conclusion 7.0 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ... In most cases, they are created on location, but the decision is influenced by the size and nature of the project, taking into account the restrictions of the site. 3.1 Casting Process Prior to the panels being cast to size, a concrete slab is poured to use as a base for the tilt'up panels to be cast onto. An engineer is then required to set out boundaries and help in the set up of formwork, which is then erected in the shape of the panels. This includes making space for openings such as doors and windows within the design. Formwork is positioned for all panels, in a jigsaw'like formation on the slab, as to allow for steady project flow. Formwork is to be created to such a height as to allow for multiple castings to be made on top of each other. The slab is then coated within formwork with a bond breaker as to allow for the most comfort when 'tilting'up' the panels. As in regular concrete construction, reinforcing is positioned where necessary. Once everything is positioned as required, concrete is then ready to be poured. When the concrete has been poured, manual labour is required to trowel for a smooth finish, either by hand or machine trowel. This can leave a smooth finish, or textured, but must be compliant with designs for consistency. With the removal of formwork, and last minute detailing to the panels, they are ready to be lifted
• 82. into place. 3.2 Installation/Tilt'Up Process Due to ... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

PU sandwich panels are composite construction materials consisting of two thin metal skins bonded to a lightweight insulating core, typically made of polyurethane (PU) foam. The metal facings can be made of steel, aluminum, or other metals, while the core provides thermal insulation, structural rigidity, and dimensional stability.

For more information, please visit Xindian Construction.

The typical composition of a PU sandwich panel includes:

• Outer metal skins: These are thin metal sheets, usually coated for corrosion resistance and durability. Common options include galvanized steel, aluminum, or stainless steel.
• Insulating core: The core is made of rigid polyurethane foam, which provides excellent thermal insulation properties and contributes to the panel's overall strength and lightweight nature.

This sandwich construction creates a robust, energy-efficient, and versatile building material that combines the benefits of metal cladding with superior insulation performance. PU sandwich panels are widely used in various construction applications, from industrial and commercial buildings to cold storage facilities and modular structures. Their unique composition allows for efficient thermal management, structural integrity, and ease of installation, making them a popular choice in modern construction practices. Source: COMPOSITE MATERIALS HANDBOOK

Benefits of PU Sandwich Panels

PU sandwich panels offer numerous advantages over traditional construction materials, making them an attractive choice for various applications. One of their primary benefits is excellent thermal insulation due to the high-performance polyurethane (PU) foam core, which helps maintain desired temperatures and reduce energy costs (Source).

Despite their lightweight nature, PU sandwich panels boast remarkable strength and durability. The combination of rigid metal skins and the PU foam core creates a robust structure capable of withstanding heavy loads and impacts.

Another significant advantage is their lightweight construction, which simplifies transportation, handling, and installation processes, reducing labor costs and making them suitable for applications where weight is a concern (Source).

PU sandwich panels also offer superior fire resistance, thanks to the inherent fire-retardant properties of the PU foam core and the metal facings, ensuring enhanced safety and compliance with building codes.

Additionally, these panels provide excellent acoustic insulation, minimizing noise transmission and creating a quieter environment, making them ideal for applications such as offices, schools, and residential buildings.

With their metal facings and sealed joints, PU sandwich panels are highly weather-resistant, protecting against water ingress, wind, and other environmental factors, ensuring long-lasting performance and reduced maintenance requirements.

Finally, PU sandwich panels facilitate quick and easy installation, as their modular design allows for efficient assembly and reduced construction time, resulting in cost savings and faster project completion.

Types of PU Sandwich Panels

PU sandwich panels are available in various types based on the materials used for the metal skins and insulating core. The most common metal facings are steel and aluminum, with steel being more widely used due to its strength and cost-effectiveness. According to paneltech.eu, the steel facings are typically made of galvanized steel sheets coated with polyester paint for protection against corrosion and weathering.

The core material plays a crucial role in determining the panel's insulation properties and overall performance. Polyurethane (PU) foam is the most popular core material, offering excellent thermal insulation and lightweight characteristics. However, mineral wool cores are also available for applications requiring superior fire resistance (Paneltech Technical Catalog, ).

PU sandwich panels come in various thicknesses, ranging from 25mm to 200mm, with the most common thicknesses being 50mm, 80mm, and 100mm. The thickness is chosen based on the insulation requirements, load-bearing capacity, and application. Thicker panels offer better insulation but are heavier and more expensive.

Additionally, some PU sandwich panels feature external coatings or finishes, such as PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride) or PVF2 (Polyvinyl Fluoride), which enhance their durability, weather resistance, and aesthetic appeal. These coatings are particularly useful for exterior applications or harsh environments.

How PU Sandwich Panels Are Manufactured

PU sandwich panels are manufactured using a fully automated PU sandwich panel production line, a state-of-the-art system designed for high efficiency and precision. The production process begins with the preparation of the outer and inner metal facings, typically steel or aluminum sheets. These sheets are uncoiled, cleaned, and profiled by roll-forming machines to achieve the desired shape, such as flat, ribbed, or corrugated profiles. The metal sheets are then fed into the production line where they are aligned and prepared for the application of the polyurethane core.

The heart of the process lies in the polyurethane foaming and injection system. A precise mixture of polyols and isocyanates is injected between the two metal sheets as they move through the machine. The chemical reaction between these components generates polyurethane (PU) foam, which expands and fills the space between the sheets, creating a rigid insulating core. The continuous production line ensures uniform foam distribution, controlled density, and perfect adhesion between the metal facings and the PU core. As the foam cures, the panel passes through a double-belt conveyor that applies consistent pressure to ensure the integrity and uniform thickness of the panel.

After curing, the panels are cut to the required lengths using an automated cutting system. The finished panels undergo a series of quality checks, ensuring they meet thermal, structural, and dimensional standards. Depending on the application, the panels can be customized with specific coatings, colors, or fire-resistant properties. The PU sandwich panel production line offers a highly efficient and scalable solution for producing panels used in industries such as construction, cold storage, and roofing, providing excellent thermal insulation, lightweight strength, and design versatility.

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Applications of PU Sandwich Panels

PU sandwich panels are incredibly versatile and find applications across various industries and construction projects. One of the most common uses is in the construction of cold rooms, freezers, and cooling facilities due to their excellent insulation properties. These panels help maintain the desired temperature and minimize energy consumption.

The construction industry extensively uses PU sandwich panels for industrial buildings, warehouses, and storage facilities. Their lightweight yet durable nature makes them ideal for large-span roofs and walls. Additionally, PU sandwich panels are commonly used in the construction of sports centers, exhibition halls, and other public buildings.

Another application where PU sandwich panels excel is in the creation of modular and portable structures. Their ease of installation and transportability make them perfect for temporary or rapidly deployable buildings, such as construction site offices, emergency shelters, and pop-up retail spaces.

Beyond complete structures, PU sandwich panels are widely used as wall, roof, and partition systems in both residential and commercial buildings. Their insulation properties, weather resistance, and aesthetic appeal make them a popular choice for exterior cladding, interior partitions, and roofing systems.

Choosing the Right PU Sandwich Panel

Selecting the appropriate PU sandwich panel is crucial to ensure optimal performance and cost-effectiveness for your project. Here are some key factors to consider when choosing the right PU panel:

Application: The intended use of the panel will determine the required properties. For example, cold storage facilities demand superior insulation, while industrial buildings prioritize strength and durability. Source

Location and Climate: The geographical location and climatic conditions play a significant role in panel selection. Regions with extreme temperatures or harsh weather conditions may require panels with enhanced insulation or weather resistance capabilities.

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Budget: PU sandwich panels come in a range of prices, depending on the materials used and their performance characteristics. It's essential to strike a balance between cost and quality to meet your project's requirements and budget constraints.

Aesthetics: While functionality is paramount, the panel's appearance can also be a consideration, especially for visible applications. Manufacturers offer various finishes and colors to suit different architectural styles and design preferences.

Load-Bearing Needs: Certain applications, such as roofing or flooring, require panels with high load-bearing capacities. Ensure that the selected panel can withstand the anticipated loads without compromising structural integrity.

Fire Rating: Fire safety is a critical aspect, particularly in commercial and industrial settings. Choose panels with appropriate fire ratings based on local building codes and regulations.

Insulation Requirements: The panel's insulation properties, including thermal and acoustic insulation, should align with the project's specific needs. Consider factors like energy efficiency, noise reduction, and temperature control when evaluating insulation performance.

Installation of PU Sandwich Panels

Installing PU sandwich panels requires careful handling and following proper techniques to ensure a secure and long-lasting structure. Here are the key steps involved:

Handling and Safety: PU sandwich panels are lightweight but can be unwieldy due to their size. Wear appropriate safety gear like gloves and steel-toed boots. Use lifting equipment for larger panels to avoid injury.

Cutting and Fabrication: Measure and mark the required dimensions on the panels. Use specialized cutting tools like panel saws or routers to make clean cuts. Ensure proper ventilation when cutting as the foam core can produce dust. (Source)

Fixing Panels: Panels can be fixed using screws, rivets, or other fasteners designed specifically for sandwich panels. Follow the manufacturer's recommendations for fastener spacing and placement to ensure structural integrity.

Sealing Joints: Proper sealing of panel joints is crucial to prevent air and moisture infiltration. Use recommended sealants, gaskets, or tapes to create an airtight and weatherproof seal between adjoining panels.

Accessories: Use compatible accessories like flashings, trims, and sealants from the same manufacturer to ensure a seamless and watertight installation.

Maintenance: Regular inspection and maintenance are essential to extend the lifespan of PU sandwich panels. Check for any damage, corrosion, or deterioration, and address issues promptly. Clean panels as per the manufacturer's instructions to maintain their appearance and performance. (Source)

Cost Comparison

While PU sandwich panels have a higher initial cost compared to traditional building materials like concrete or bricks, they offer significant long-term savings in terms of energy efficiency and maintenance. According to Topropan, standard wall panels may lead to higher energy and maintenance expenses over time compared to metal carved sandwich panels.

The cost of PU sandwich panels can vary depending on factors such as panel size, thickness, and the type of metal facing used. As per Quora, the costs associated with PUF (Polyurethane Foam) sandwich panels and building a house using them can vary significantly due to several factors like panel quality, supplier, and location.

When considering the overall cost of construction, PU sandwich panels can offer substantial savings in the long run due to their excellent insulation properties, which translate into lower energy bills for heating and cooling. Additionally, their durability and low maintenance requirements can further reduce costs over the building's lifetime.

Limitations of PU Sandwich Panels

While PU sandwich panels offer numerous advantages, there are some limitations and disadvantages to consider:

1. Durability concerns: Sandwich panels can be prone to damage if not properly installed or exposed to extreme weather conditions. The foam core can deteriorate over time due to moisture penetration or UV exposure.
2. Limited flexibility: Pre-made sandwich panels are not flexible for architectural designs with many angles or curves. The rigid foam core restricts their use in complex shapes.
3. Temperature limitations: While PU panels offer good insulation, they cannot withstand temperatures above 75°C (167°F). This limits their use in high-temperature applications.
4. Potential for condensation: If not properly sealed or installed, condensation can form within the panel, leading to mold growth and compromising the insulation properties.
5. Difficulty in repairs: Repairing damaged sandwich panels can be challenging, often requiring complete panel replacement.
6. Environmental concerns: Some types of PU foam cores may contain harmful chemicals or have a higher environmental impact during manufacturing and disposal.

Innovations in PU Sandwich Panel Technology

The PU sandwich panel industry is constantly evolving to meet the changing demands of construction and insulation. Manufacturers are exploring new materials, designs, and manufacturing processes to enhance the performance and sustainability of these panels. One notable innovation is the development of new generation steel sandwich panel lines that enable continuous production of panels with different facings, thicknesses, and profiles, improving efficiency and versatility.

Another area of innovation is the use of alternative core materials beyond traditional PU foam. For example, some manufacturers are experimenting with mineral wool cores, which offer superior fire resistance and acoustic insulation properties. Additionally, there is a growing interest in incorporating recycled materials and bio-based components into sandwich panel construction, reducing the environmental impact and promoting sustainability.

Advancements in manufacturing processes, such as advanced engineering techniques, are also driving innovation in the industry. These techniques enable precise control over panel dimensions, uniformity, and quality, resulting in higher-performing and more reliable products.

Furthermore, innovative designs and configurations are being explored to enhance the structural and thermal performance of PU sandwich panels. This includes the development of composite panels with multiple layers of insulation and reinforcement, as well as panels with integrated systems for ventilation, lighting, or solar energy generation.

Conclusion

PU sandwich panels have emerged as a versatile and efficient construction material, offering a unique combination of thermal insulation, strength, lightweight design, and fire resistance. Their ability to streamline the building process and provide long-lasting performance has made them a popular choice across various industries, from cold storage facilities to modular buildings.

Throughout this comprehensive guide, we've explored the composition, benefits, types, and applications of PU sandwich panels, equipping you with the knowledge to make informed decisions for your construction projects. Whether you're an architect, contractor, or building owner, understanding the advantages and limitations of these panels is crucial for maximizing their potential.

As the construction industry continues to evolve, innovations in PU sandwich panel technology are paving the way for even more advanced and sustainable solutions. From enhanced thermal performance to eco-friendly core materials, the future holds exciting possibilities for this remarkable building material.

Ultimately, the choice of PU sandwich panels should be driven by your specific project requirements, budgetary constraints, and long-term objectives. By carefully considering factors such as application, climate, load-bearing needs, and fire ratings, you can ensure that you select the most suitable panel for your construction endeavor.

Embrace the versatility and efficiency of PU sandwich panels, and embark on a journey towards creating structures that not only stand the test of time but also contribute to a more sustainable and energy-efficient built environment.

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